The technology impacts on music industry Essay Example For Students

The technology impacts on music industry Essay Introduction The music industry is the business of producing, recording and selling music through a number of different methods. These methods typical refer to recording and selling music through physical or digital means, including live performance. The product offered by the music industry are varied over years, from the very first beginning of tape cassettes, and then to CDC, till now, digital music records have become more popular comparing to others. Although the mainstream of production in music industry changes a lot, live performance of music is still an important part of industry s it allows performers to establish new fans and give old fans a chance to hear the music in a live venue. Beside this, music radio still typically plays a major part because they have traditionally been as a platform for new songs and performer showing and promoting. However, the influence of digital contribution in the music radio industry is also obviously. We will write a custom essay on The technology impacts on music industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In this article, I will analysis the impact of digital evolution on music recording and selling industry, and music artists career. I will focus more on the influence of digital towards the record labels. In the end, I will give mom recommendations on how the future of music industry should be like to be better off. Digital convergence and record labels The traditional business model in the music industry includes the mass production and distribution of physical goods (Hughes Lang, 2003). In this model, for the better part of a hundred years the recorded music business had an impressive track record of staying on top of the freshest technology, up until 1980, recorded music was an ecosystem totally run by the major record labels (Bobby, 2014). Record labels are selecting artists and signing with them, manufacturing the products, such as CDC, ND distribute through music stores and artist will sell it at concerts as well (Valerie Deborah, 2004). The main revenue comes from the sales of the products, including CDC, cassettes and concert tickets and so on. They are promoting the product via print media and radio mostly. The music industry was enjoying low manufacturing and high price of products. The high cost in music made music such luxurious and the spread of music is not very wide compare to nowadays. The record label was in the centre of the industry and each activity in this industry must get its approval fore progressing. The money in the music industry flowed mainly to the record labels. They are the master of their own domain. However in the last few years, the recording industry has gone through great changes because of the introduction of digital technology. In 1999, Anapest, a piece of software created by Shawn Fanning, brought about a major change in the industry (Pablo, 2013). Anapest as the pioneer of semi-centralized services, operated in a client server peer-to-peer model, where a central server system facilitates communication among peer clients (Kate, 2005). The appearance of Anapest provides a tool to share the music files through the internet directly among fans and The technology impacts on music industry By hence enthusiasts find and discuss music on the internet (David Starling, 2005). It can be say that Anapest was changing the music industry by permitting almost anyone to reproduce and distribute digital content at close to zero marginal cost over highly decentralized peer-to-peer computing architectures (David Starling, 2005). This, in my own opinion, is because of the demand for the cheap or free music by the nonusers. Anapest had more than 60 million users worldwide before it was shut down by the U. S. Court system (Valerie Deborah, 2004). The market research submitted by the Arias expert showed that 41% of the people said that Anapest decrease or displaced music purchase (David Starling, 2005). Anapest was sued by ARIA for illegal, unauthorized peer-to-peer music file trading via the internet. However, the law of copyright was only effectively regulating the publishers at that time (Lawrence, 2001). .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac , .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac .postImageUrl , .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac , .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac:hover , .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac:visited , .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac:active { border:0!important; } .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac:active , .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2f71a3775771267f168b1a56dea578ac:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Duke Ellington Biography EssayIn the situation that the law of copyright was not consummate, he court could not accuse Anapest for infringing copyright at first because Anapest argued that its users practice of sampling music as a way to inform purchasing decisions was a legitimate fair use (David Starling, 2005). At that time, the music industry had no guidelines for how to charge licensing fees for sample music, so that it made challenges for court to charge Anapest. However, the win of the ARIA did not stop the free music sharing in the internet and the law of copyright still has vulnerabilities exist. Part of the reason Anapest was vulnerable to legal action was hat is represented a centralized target, and its status as a company meant that ultimately it had to take responsibility for activities taking place via central server( Kate, 2005). Because of the pressure from external, the internet is forced to general changes and makes innovations, both legal and illegal. After Anapest, the decentralized peer-to-peer networks appeared. This model has no central server, communication on the network traverses the peers themselves, and these individual computers are then linked together to form an advertisement hoc ratable network (Kate, 2005). For illegal network for example, Neutral is Just a program but the company to offering particular service through system, and they avoiding sues by attempting sue individuals using network to download unauthorized content, which makes it hard for ARIA to protect its rights and revenues. And later on, networks seeks to safeguard their users by hiding its users details using techniques such as encryption. For legal network it includes legitimate online digital music services through POP services. For example tunes, it pays to the record labels to get licenses and sold the digital music ill on their web. It priced $0. 99 per song, $0. 75 goes to the record label, and $0. 05 goes to the credit card companies and left only $0. 20 for company to cover all of its cost (Kate, 2005). Initially, Apply tunes does not expect to raise its revenue by selling music files but to stimulate the purchase of pod (Kate, 2005). Revenue model Both legal and illegal networks can raise their capital by 3 ways. The first source is from advertising of course (Kate, 2005). The second one is that music sharing networks can collect download rating data and sell it towards record labels as big which is more preferred by the customers. Additions to this some illegal networks will track the consumers Web browsing history and send promotional messages (Kate, 2005). And the last source is that collecting capital by selling licenses to independent artists who wants to post their content online (Kate, 2005). The annual global music sales declined by more than $2 million from 1999 to 2002 attribute to unauthorized online POP file trading, and offline piracy (Valerie Deborah, 2004). And the revenue and sales of record labels fell more than 40% since online music sharing was introduced. But the POP music file trading not Just change the situation of record labels, ultimately, it also changes the career of music artists. Digital convergence and independent artists In the past, the artists were controlled over by the record labels. They dont have many options to fund their recordings, tours or projects in general without signing up with record labels (Pablo, 2013). The most important reason is that the artists do not have the equipment to record high quality music and distribute them without the supply of record labels. However, in nowadays, the innovation of digital tools aromatically changes the horizon of access for those who would like to create new music (Lawrence, 2001). For example, Apple technology can create music by the computer instead of instruments. Its advertisement said: rip, mix, burn, after all, its your music. And again, the copyright law has to be mentioned. Just because you recreated the song doesnt mean that is your music! .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70 , .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70 .postImageUrl , .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70 , .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70:hover , .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70:visited , .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70:active { border:0!important; } .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70:active , .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70 .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucb88c9415c1b9b9499e666f77d4c6e70:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Musical Education Opportunities in America EssayFor distribution, by paying low membership fees to the music distributing website such as amp. Com. AU, these independent artists can upload their music file to public. Within the easy way to compose and distribute music, independent musicians have heir own way to make a living and many of the people following them because they are more free to create the music they like. The future music industry To respond the decrease of sales, record labels should shift their attention from suing the piracy to promotion and marketing (Freedman, 2003). The record labels had more than one crisis because they have difficulties to accepting new technologies and styles of sale. In my view of point, maybe they should totally change their revenue structure. Till now, the main income of record labels is the sales of music in form of both physical and digital. They ignore the income from derivative industry of music, for example the photo albums of their artists, the tickets of the concerts, the product that contain the element of artists. Animation industry can collect money by selling their cartoon toys and cups printed with cartoon characters. How about music industry? Record labels can freely supply the music to the popular music website and share the advertisement revenue with these websites. By promoting the song in the internet, the influence of the song will increase and then the artist will get more famous, and ultimately, the sales in derivative industry will increase too. Additional to this, if the popularity of the artist improves, companies can seek higher influence of artist, record label can raise more capital. Conclusion The introduction of new technology is always disruptive to old markets and particular to those copyright holders whose works are sold through will-established distribution mechanism (Kate, 2005). Yet, all the activities are driving by the demand of the market. The record labels will end if they do not seek new ways to make an opportunity. According to most of the experts, the music industry created it own estimates because it refuse to adopt and adapt the new digital innovation until it was too late

Learn to Write an Essay Using Csun Early Childhood Education Essay Sample

Learn to Write an Essay Using Csun Early Childhood Education Essay SampleThe Csun Early Childhood Education Essay Sample is one of the most helpful examples of a Csun educational essay. This particular example is geared toward teaching students the following: how to use a resource box, how to format a bibliography, how to distribute worksheets, and how to create an essay that will stand out. It also shows the Csun strategy for telling a story. Most people who are reading this article will have a good idea as to what kind of story the child should use.The Csun Early Childhood Education Essay Sample has three paragraphs to teach the students: the Introduction, the First paragraph, and the Last paragraph. The first paragraph explains the Purpose of the essay. This should include information about the student's life (educational writing 101) and some history (learning to write). The introduction should explain why they want to write the essay and provide a brief overview of the school, t eacher, or other organization the student has worked with before.In the first paragraph, the student is to provide a synopsis of their story and then summarize the points. They should share what they know about their teacher. They are to make a point of distinction about the way they learn in a certain area. The last paragraph will teach the students how to come up with a bibliography.Next, the students should read over the Csun curriculum and answer a few questions. They should also answer questions about their preferred teacher. They should also answer questions about their school, topics they want to cover, what they learned from their class, etc. Lastly, they are to report back to the Csun by listing and discussing their findings and conclusions.Once the students have finished their work, they will get feedback from the Csun. This will include suggestions on how to use the essay. It is very important that the students discuss these suggestions with their parents, teachers, or ot her leaders in their school, so that they can understand what makes this particular example work best for them.Csun courses can teach students to write effectively. Students can learn how to avoid common mistakes, and they can learn to organize their thoughts and prepare for assignments, tests, and research papers.By giving students tips and tricks about using an essay, they can learn to put more thought into their writing. Since so many students don't pay attention to their writing, it can be very easy for students to get lazy.

Elvia Essay

Elvia Essay Elvia Essay * Cancer Essay Cancer is known as the diseases that killing many people all over the world. People of all age could get cancer and all races and even different genders. About 7.5 million people die out of cancer each year. It is very important to know about cancer because it affects so many people and also to help prevented it. This paper will discuss what cancer is, the different types of cancer, the risk factors, treatment of cancer, and prevention of cancer. Before people can understand cancer they have to know what exactly cancer is. Cancer known medically as a malignant neoplasm is a broad group of various diseases all involving unregulated cell growth. There are around 200 different types of cancer that can affect the human body. A large percentage of people will be affected by some form of cancer or other in their lifetime. Some types are more serious than others, some cancers can be treated and others are hard to be treated so they lead to dead. Each type of cancer is unique w ith its own causes, symptoms, and methods of treatment. Symptoms of cancer vary based on the types of cancer. As cancer progresses to an advanced stage, common symptoms can occur for example, weight loss, fever, being excessively tired, and changes of skin. When a person has cancer they can get a lot of tumors. It is difficult to define cancer because there are so many different types of cancers. There are over 200 types of cancer. You can develop cancer in any body organs. There are over 60 different organs in the body where a cancer can develop. Cancer can affect people of all ages. Some types of cancers are bone, kidney, mouth, and throat cancer. Two of the most common types of cancer are skin and lung cancer. Skin cancer itself has three different types. Basal cell cancer is the most common but least dangerous. Squamous cancer is another type; melanoma is the last type and the most dangerous. Lung cancer is uncontrolled cell growth in the lungs. Most lung cancer is carcinomas an d cause by smoking. All this are types of cancer some could be cure by surgery and others causes death and have no cure. The treatment for all this cancers is mostly radiation therapy, immunotherapy, vaccine therapy, surgery, and chemotherapy. Each year many people die out of these types of cancers around 7.5 million die each year. There are many types of cancers that have many risk factors. Doctors often cannot explain why one person develops cancer and another does not. But research shows that certain risk factors increase the chance that a person will develop cancer. Merriam Webster defines risk factor as something which increases risk or susceptibility. These are the most common risk factors for cancer growing older, tobacco, sunlight, lionizing radiation, certain chemicals and other substances, some viruses and bacteria, certain hormones, family history of cancer, alcohol, poor diet, lack of physical activity, or being overweight. Many of these risk factors can be avoided a nd others such as family history cannot be avoided. Most cancers occur in people over the age 65 but people of all ages, including children can get cancer too. Tobacco use is the most preventable causes of death. Each year more than 180,000 Americans die from cancer that related to tobacco use. Using tobacco products or regularly being around tobacco smoke (environmental or secondhand smoke) increases the risk of cancer. Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop cancer of the lung, larynx (voice box), mouth, esophagus, bladder, kidney, throat, stomach, pancreas, cervix, or acute myeloid leukemia. There are many different ways to treat cancer. Treatment varies based on the type of cancer and its stages. The stages of cancer refers to how much it has grown and whether the tumor has spread from its original location. Some treatments for cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

A Military History Timeline of the 1900s

A Military History Timeline of the 1900s This timeline chronicles the military history of the last hundred plus years and includes WWI, WWII, Korea, Vietnam, and dozens of other conflicts. 1900s September 7, 1901 - Boxer Rebellion ends in ChinaMay 31, 1902 - Second Boer War: Fighting ends with the Treaty of VereenigingFebruary 8, 1904 - Russo-Japanese War: Fighting begins when the Japanese attack the Russian fleet at Port ArthurJanuary 2, 1905 - Russo-Japanese War: Port Arthur SurrendersSeptember 5, 1905 - Russo-Japanese War: The Treaty of Portsmouth ends the conflict 1910s April 21-November 23, 1914 - Mexican Revolution: American forces land and occupy Vera CruzJuly 28, 1914 - World War I: The conflict begins when Austria-Hungary declares war on SerbiaAugust 23, 1914 - World War I: British forces join the fray at the Battle of MonsAugust 23-31, 1914 - World War I: The Germans win a stunning victory at the Battle of TannenbergAugust 28, 1914 - World War I: The Royal Navy wins the Battle of Heligoland Bight.October 19-November 22, 1914 - World War I: Allied forces hold at the First Battle of YpresNovember 1, 1914 - World War I: Vice Admiral Maximilian von Spees German East Asia Squadron wins the Battle of Coronel.November 9, 1914 - World War I: HMAS Sydney defeats SMS Emden at the Battle of CocosDecember 16, 1914 - World War I: German warships raid Scarborough, Hartlepool, and WhitbyDecember 25, 1914 - World War I: The Christmas Truce begins along parts of the Western FrontJanuary 24, 1915 - World War I: The Royal Navy wins the Battle of Dogger BankApril 22-May 25, 1915 - World War I: Allied and German forces fight the Second Battle of Ypres September 25-October 14 - World War I: British forces take heavy losses during the Battle of LoosDecember 23, 1916 - World War I: British Commonwealth forces win the Battle of Magdhaba in the Sinai DesertMarch 9, 1916 - Mexican Revolution: The forces of Pancho Villa raid across the border and burn Columbus, NMOctober 31-November 7, 1917 - World War I: General Sir Edmund Allenby wins the Third Battle of GazaApril 6, 1917 - World War I: The United States enters the warJune 7, 1917 - World War I: General John J. Pershing arrives in England to take command of US forces in EuropeOctober 24-November 19, 1917 - World War I: Italian troops are routed at the Battle of CaporettoNovember 7, 1917 - Russian Revolution: The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government, beginning the Russian Civil WarJanuary 8, 1918 - World War I: President Woodrow Wilson outlines his Fourteen Points to CongressJune 1-28, 1918 - World War I: US Marines win the Battle of Belleau WoodSeptember 19-October 1, 1918 - World War I: British forces crush the Ottomans at the Battle of Megiddo November 11, 1918 - World War I: An armistice is concluded ending World War I in a victory for the Allies.June 28, 1919 - World War I: The Treaty of Versailles officially ends the war. 1920s June 1923 - Russian Civil War: Fighting ends with the Red capture of Vladivostok and the collapse of the Provisional Priamur GovernmentApril 12, 1927 - Chinese Civil War: Fighting begins between the Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party 1930s October 1934 - Chinese Civil War: The Long March retreat begins with Chinese Communists marching approx. 8,000 miles over 370 daysOctober 3, 1935 - Second Italo-Abyssinian War: The conflict begins when Italian troops invade EthiopiaMay 7, 1936 - Second Italo-Abyssinian War: Fighting ends with the capture of Addis Ababa and the Italian annexation of the countryJuly 17, 1936 - Spanish Civil War: The conflict begins following an attempted coup dà ©tat by Nationalist forcesApril 26, 1937 - Spanish Civil War: The Condor Legion bombs GuernicaSeptember 6-22, 1937 - Spanish Civil War: Republican forces are defeated at the Battle of El MazucoSeptember 29/30, 1938 - World War II: The Munich Agreement cedes the Sudetenland to Nazi GermanyApril 1, 1939 - Spanish Civil War: Nationalist forces crush the final Republican resistance ending the war.September 1, 1939 - World War II: Nazi Germany invades Poland beginning World War IINovember 30, 1939 - Winter War: Fighting between the Soviet Union and Finland begins when Russian troops cross the border following the faked shelling of Mainila December 13, 1939 - World War II: British and German naval forces fight the Battle of the River Plate 1940s February 16, 1940 - World War II: British and German forces violated Norwegian neutrality in the Altmark IncidentMarch 12, 1940 - Winter War: The Moscow Peace Treaty ends the war in the Soviets favorJune 22, 1940 - World War II: After a six-week campaign, Germany defeats France and forces the British to evacuate from DunkirkJuly 3, 1940 - World War II: The Royal Navy attacks Mers el KebirJuly 10-October 31, 1940 - World War II: The Royal Air Force wins the Battle of BritainSeptember 17, 1940 - World War II: Operation Sea Lion, the German invasion of Britain, is indefinitely postponedNovember 11/12, 1940 - World War II: In a daring nighttime raid, British aircraft strike the Italian fleet at the Battle of TarantoDecember 8, 1940 - World War II: British forces in Egypt launch Operation Compass which sweeps across the desert driving the Italians deep into LibyaMarch 11, 1941 - World War II: Pres. Franklin Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease ActMarch 27-29, 1941 - World War II: British naval forces defeat the Italians at the Battle of Cape Matapan April 6-30, 1941 - World War II: German forces win the Battle of GreeceMay 24, 1941 - World War II: HMS Hood is sunk at the Battle of the Denmark StraitMay 27, 1941 - World War II: Following aerial attacks from HMS Ark Royal and fire from British battleships, the German battleship Bismarck is sunk in the North AtlanticJune 22, 1941 - World War II: German forces invade the Soviet Union opening the Eastern FrontSeptember 8, 1941-January 27, 1944 - World War II: German forces conduct the Siege of Leningrad but fail to capture the city.October 2, 1941-January 7, 1942 - World War II: The Soviets win the Battle of MoscowDecember 7, 1941 - World War II: Japanese aircraft attack the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor bringing the United States into the warDecember 8-23, 1941 - World War II: Japan wins the Battle of Wake IslandDecember 8-25, 1941 - World War II: The British are defeated at the Battle of Hong KongDecember 10, 1941 - World War II: HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse are sunk by J apanese aircraft January 7-April 9, 1942 - World War II: Allied forces conduct the  defense of BataanJanuary 31-February 15, 1942 - World War II: The Japanese win the  Battle of SingaporeFebruary 27, 1942 - World War II: The Allies are defeated at the  Battle of the Java SeaMarch 31-April 10 - World War II: Japanese forces conduct the  Indian Ocean RaidApril 18, 1942 - World War II: The planes of the  Doolittle Raid  bomb JapanMay 4-8, 1942 - World War II: US forces turn back the Japanese advance against Port Moresby at the  Battle of the Coral Sea. Fought entirely by aircraft, it was first naval battle in which the opposing ships never sighted each other.May 5-6, 1942 - World War II: US and Filipino forces surrender after the  Battle of CorregidorMay 26-June 21, 1942 - World War II:  General Erwin Rommel  wins the  Battle of GazalaJune 4-7, 1942 - World War II: The US Pacific Fleet defeats the Japanese at the  Battle of Midway, turning the tide in the PacificJuly 1-27, 1942 - World War II: Axis forces are halted at the  First Battle of El Alamein August 7, 1942 - World War II: Allied forces go on the offensive in the Pacific by  landing on GuadalcanalAugust 9, 1942 - World War II: Japanese naval forces win the  Battle of Savo IslandAugust 9-15, 1942 - World War II: The Royal Navy resupplies Malta during  Operation PedestalAugust 19, 1942 - World War II: The  Dieppe Raid  ends in disaster for Allied troopsAugust 24-25, 1942 - World War II: Allied and Japanese forces fight the  Battle of the Eastern SolomonsAugust 25-September 7, 1942 - World War II: Allied force on New Guinea win the  Battle of Milne BayAugust 30-September 5, 1942 - World War II: British forces halt  Field Marshal Erwin Rommel  at the  Battle of Alam HalfaOctober 10/11, 1942 - World War II: Allied naval units win the  Battle of Cape EsperanceOctober 23-November 4, 1942 - World War II: British forces under  Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery  begin the  Second Battle of El AlameinOctober 25-27, 1942 - World War II: American and Ja panese naval forces fight the  Battle of Santa Cruz November 8-10, 1942 - World War II: American forces land in North Africa as part of  Operation TorchNovember 12-15, 1942 - World War II: Allied forces win the  Naval Battle of GuadalcanalNovember 27, 1942 - World War II: The  French fleet is scuttled  at Toulon during Operation LilaNovember 30, 1942 - World War II: Japanese forces win the  Battle of TassafarongaJanuary 29-30, 1943 - World War II: Japanese aircraft win the  Battle of Rennell IslandFebruary 19-25, 1943 - World War II: American troops area defeated at the  Battle of Kasserine PassMarch 2-4, 1943 - World War II: Allied aircraft win the  Battle of the Bismarck SeaApril 18, 1943 - World War II:  Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto  is killed by Allied aircraft during  Operation VengeanceApril 19-May 16, 1943 - World War II: The Germans suppress the  Warsaw Ghetto Uprising  in PolandMay 17, 1943 - World War II: As part of  Operation Chastise  RAF bombers strike dams in GermanyJuly 9, 1943 - World War II: Allied forces begin  Operation Husky  and invade Sicily August 17, 1943 - World War II: American bombers conduct the massive  Schweinfurt-Regensburg RaidSeptember 3-9, 1943 - World War II: American and British forces  land in ItalySeptember 26, 1943 - World War II: Australian commandoes conduct  Operation Jaywick  in Singapore HarborNovember 2, 1943 - World War II: American forces win the Battle of Empress Augusta BayNovember 20-23, 1943 - World War II: American forces  invade TarawaDecember 26, 1943 - World War II: British naval forces win the  Battle of the North CapeJanuary 22, 1944 - World War II: Allied forces begin Operation Shingle and open the  Battle of AnzioJanuary 31-February 3, 1944 - World War II: US troops fight the  Battle of KwajaleinFebruary 17-18, 1944 - World War II:  Operation Hailstone  sees Allied aircraft attack the Japanese anchorage at TrukFebruary 17-May 18, 1944 - World War II: Allied forces fight and win the  Battle of Monte CassinoMarch 17-23, 1944 - World War II: Allied forces win the  Battle of EniwetokMarch 24/25, 1944 - World War II: Allied POWs begin the  Great Escape  from Stalag Luft III June 4, 1944 - World War II: Allied forces capture RomeJune 4, 1944 - World War II: Allied naval forces  capture  U-505June 6, 1944 - World War II: British airborne forces execute  Operation DeadstickJune 6, 1944 - World War II: The invasion of France begins with Allied troops  coming ashore in NormandyJune 15, 1944 - World War II: The Allied invasion of the Marianas begins with  landings on SaipanJune 19-20, 1944 - World War II: The US Navy wins the  Battle of the Philippine SeaJuly 21- August 10, 1944 - World War II: Allied troops  recapture GuamJuly 25-31, 1944 - World War II: Allied troops break out of Normandy during  Operation CobraAugust 15, 1944 - World War II: Allied troops land in southern France as part of  Operation DragoonAugust 25, 1944 - World War II: French forces liberate ParisSeptember 15-November 27, 1944 - World War II: Allied forces fight and win the  Battle of PeleliuSeptember 17, 1944 - World War II: American and British paratroopers land in Holland as part of  Operation Market-Garden October 23-26, 1944 - World War II: US naval forces defeat the Japanese at the  Battle of Leyte Gulf, opening the way for the invasion of the PhilippinesDecember 16, 1944 - World War II: German forces launch a massive offensive in the Ardennes, beginning the  Battle of the Bulge. It ends in a decisive Allied victory the following monthFebruary 9, 1945 - World War II:  HMS  Venturer  sinks  U-864  in the only known battle where one submerged submarine sank anotherFebruary 19, 1945 - World War II: US Marines land on  Iwo JimaMarch 8, 1945 - World War II: US forces secure the  Ludendorff Bridge  over the RhineMarch 24, 1945 - World War II: Allied forces airdrop over the Rhine during  Operation VarsityApril 1, 1945 - World War II: Allied forces  invade the island of OkinawaApril 7, 1945 - World War II: The battleship  Yamato  is sunk during  Operation Ten-GoApril 16-19, 1945 - World War II: Soviet forces win the  Battle of the Seelow HeightsApril 29-May 8, 1945: World War II:  Operations Manna Chowhound  deliver food to the starving population of the Netherlands May 2, 1945 - World War II:  Berlin falls  to Soviet forcesMay 7, 1945 - World War II: Nazi Germany surrenders to the Allies, ending the war in EuropeAugust 6, 1945 - World War II: The  B-29 Superfortress  Enola Gay  drops the  first atom bomb  on the city of HiroshimaSeptember 2, 1945 - World War II: The Japanese surrender aboard the battleship  USS  Missouri  ending the war in the PacificDecember 19, 1946 - First Indochina War: Fighting begins between French and Viet Minh forces around Hanoi​October 21, 1947 - Indo-Pakistani War of 1947: The war starts following the invasion of Kashmir by Pakistani troopsMay 14, 1948 - Arab-Israeli War: Following its declaration of independence, Israel is attacked by its Arab neighborsJune 24, 1948 - Cold War: Berlin Blockade begins leading to the  Berlin AirliftJuly 20, 1949 - Arab-Israeli War: Israel makes peace with Syria ending the war 1950s June 25, 1950 - Korean War: North Korean troops cross the 38th Parallel beginning the  Korean WarSeptember 15, 1950 - Korean War: United Nations troops under  General Douglas MacArthur  land at Inchon  and push the North Koreans back to the Yalu RiverNovember 1950 - Korean War: Chinese forces enter the conflict, driving UN forces back over the 38th Parallel.November 26-December 11, 1950 - Korean War: UN forces fight the Chinese at the  Battle of Chosin ReservoirMarch 14, 1951 - Korean War: Seoul is liberated by UN troopsJune 27, 1953 - Korean War: Fighting ends following the establishment of a cease-fire between UN and North Korean/Chinese forcesJuly 26, 1953 - Cuban Revolution: The revolution begins following an attack on the Moncada BarracksMay 7, 1954 - First Indochina War: The French fortress at  Dien Bien Phu  falls effectively ending the warNovember 1, 1954 - Algerian War: National Liberation Front guerrillas attack French targets across Algeria beginning the warO ctober 26, 1956 - Suez Crisis: Israeli troops drop into the Sinai, beginning the conquest of the peninsula 1960s April 15-19, 1961 - Cuban Revolution: The American-backed Bay of Pigs invasion failsJanuary 1959 -  Vietnam War: The North Vietnamese Central Committee issues a secret resolution calling for an armed struggle in South VietnamAugust 2, 1964 - Vietnam War: The  Gulf of Tonkin Incident  occurs when North Vietnamese gunboats attack American destroyersMarch 2, 1965 - Vietnam War: Operation Rolling Thunder begins as US aircraft start bombing North VietnamAugust 1965 - Indo-Pakistani War of 1965: The conflict begins when Pakistan launches Operation Gibraltar in Indian KashmirAugust 17-24, 1965 - Vietnam War: US forces begin offensive operations in Vietnam with Operation StarlightNovember 14-18, 1965 - Vietnam War: US troops fight the  Battle of Ia Drang  in VietnamJune 5-10, 1967 - Six-Day War: Israel attacks and defeats Egypt, Syria, and JordanNovember 3-22, 1967 - Vietnam War: American forces win the  Battle of Dak ToJanuary 21, 1968 - Vietnam War: North Vietnamese forces laun ch the Tet Offensive January 23, 1968 - Cold War: The  Pueblo  Incident  takes place when the North Koreans board and capture USS  Pueblo  in international watersApril 8, 1968 - Vietnam War:  US troops relieve the besieged Marines at Khe SanhMay 10-20, 1969 - Vietnam War: US troops fight the  Battle of Hamburger HillJuly 14-18, 1969 - Central America: El Salvador and Honduras fight the  Football War 1970s April 29, 1970 - Vietnam War: American and South Vietnamese forces begin attacking into CambodiaNovember 21, 1970 - Vietnam War: US Special Forces  raid the POW camp at Son TayDecember 3-16, 1971 - Indo-Pakistani War of 1971: The war begins when India intervenes in the Bangladesh Liberation WarMarch 30, 1972 - Vietnam War: The Peoples Army of North Vietnam begins the  Easter OffensiveJanuary 27, 1973 - Vietnam War: The Paris Peace Accords are signed ending US involvement in the conflictOctober 6-26, 1973 - Yom Kippur War: After initial losses, Israel defeats Egypt and SyriaApril 30, 1975 - Vietnam War: Following the  fall of Saigon, South Vietnam surrenders ending the warJuly 4, 1976 - International Terrorism:  Israeli commandoes land at Entebbe Airport  in Uganda and rescue the passengers of Air France Flight 139December 25, 1979 - Soviet-Afghan War: Soviet airborne forces enter Afghanistan beginning the conflict 1980s September 22, 1980 - Iran-Iraq War: Iraq invades Iran beginning a war that lasts eight yearsApril 2-June 14, 1982 - Falklands War: Following the Argentinean invasion of the Falklands, the islands are liberated by the BritishOctober 25-December 15, 1983 - Invasion of Grenada: After the deposition and execution of Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, US forces invade and capture the island.April 15, 1986 - International Terrorism: American aircraft  bomb Libya  in retaliation for an attack on a West Berlin night clubDecember 20, 1989-January 31, 1990 - Invasion of Panama: US forces invade Panama to oust dictator Manuel Noriega 1990s August 2, 1990 -  Gulf War: Iraqi troops invade KuwaitJanuary 17, 1991 - Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins with American and coalition aircraft striking targets in Iraq and KuwaitFebruary 24, 1991 - Gulf War: Coalition ground forces advance into Kuwait and IraqFebruary 27, 1991 - Gulf War: Fighting ends as Kuwait is liberatedJune 25, 1991 - Former Yugoslavia: The first of the wars in the former Yugoslavia begins with the Ten-Day War in SloveniaMarch 24-June 10, 1999 - Kosovo War:  NATO aircraft bomb Yugoslav forces in Kosovo 2000s September 11, 2001 - War on Terror: Al Qaeda attacks the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in WashingtonOctober 7, 2001 - War on Terror: American and British aircraft begin bombing Taliban forces in AfghanistanDecember 12-17, 2001 - War on Terror: Coalition forces fight the  Battle of Tora BoraMarch 19, 2003 - Iraq War: US and British aircraft begin bombing Iraq as a prelude to the ground invasionMarch 24-April 4 - Iraq War: American forces fight the  Battle of NajafApril 9, 2003 - Iraq War: US forces occupy BaghdadDecember 13, 2003 - Iraq War: Saddam Hussein is captured by members of the US 4th Infantry Division and Task Force 121November 7-16, 2004 - Iraq War: Coalition forces fight the  Second Battle of Fallujah

The End of Reading's Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The End of Reading's Analysis - Essay Example Trend states that, his daughter (Emily) is normal in every aspect but she is not good in reading and all this can be attributed to television programs and video games. She may catch up with her peers in terms of reading though it may take her quite a while as it is stated in the book. Trend has worked in various places that have given him exposure to research material on analysis of reading and visual studies. He worked for Journal of Media Arts and Cultural Criticism from 1980 to 1995, which deals in publishing of essays and articles through film studies, photographs and media theory. From the book it is apparent that there is a new type of illiteracy in America and people have resorted to blaming schools, the media too hasn’t been left behind in this blame game. From the book, End of Reading: Gutenberg to Grand Theft Auto, I am going to focus on the writer’s idea on The New American literacy, Blaming Schools, The media made me do it and Child development & human evolu tion so as to clearly show the importance of reading and how it has been affected over the passage of time. Analysis Right from the start the writer states about his daughter’s reluctance and inability to read well and that many other children are affected by the same problem, it is evident that there is some form of illiteracy. Furthermore statistics in the book state that one out of seven adults in America is incapable of reading a newspaper. It is clear that there is a new American illiteracy, where people do not know much as far as reading is concerned but prefer other mediums of learning. The Verbal SAT scores of the children in American schools have continued to dwindle over the decades that have passed. A researcher, Shieda White, states that most people have a difficulty in reading connected sentences or paragraphs. Many children would rather play video games and watch television than read a book. Reading has become torturous to many children in America since many att ribute it with difficulty. The amount of illiteracy is increasing in America, this problem is far from over since most of the people and organizations that can actually change it have resorted to blaming one another. Schools have turned into the main targets of those in search for someone to blame about the persisting problem. These learning institutions have been tirelessly trying to educate the children and make them more connected to the reading culture but the advancement in technology has failed them. Children no longer find books interesting as they would rather use computers, play video games and watch television. In the 90s some writer wrote books on the effects of computers, this when they were starting to crop up and whilst their popularity steadily increased, Marshall McLuhan and Raymond Williams are among the few who addressed the issue of technology in schools. Virtual community (1993) and Manual Castells’ The Information City (1989) are books that were written r ight after computers were introduced for personal use, they address how the computers were going to have effects on the society. If at all schools want to make learning effective then it is important that they use visual arts and introduce film studies. Some individual may not have what it takes to be good writers so they have to seek other means of expression. Leonardo Di Vinci is one person that can

Advantages and disadvantages of measures use to protect operating Research Paper

Advantages and disadvantages of measures use to protect operating system - Research Paper Example Operating system being a program is frequently attacked by viruses and therefore need protection so as to effectively and efficiently operate. There are several measures that are used to protect the operating system. However, the measures have certain disadvantages and disadvantages. This leads to differential in efficiency of measures used to protect the operating system. This paper discusses different measures used to protect the operating system and the advantages and disadvantages of each. It basically concentrates on three measures. Furthermore, it discusses ease of implementation and associated security management issues that need to be addressed. It also ranks the measures used to protect the operating system from the most effective to the least effective. Measures used to protect the operating system There are several measures that are used to protect the operating system. These are meant to deny unauthorized access to the system. They include use of strong password, protection of confidential information, making sure that the operating system and the virus protection are updated. It may also be use of supported and secure applications, wary of suspicious e-mails, storing of confidential information in HSU servers only, data should be provided wit a back up and it should be easily restored. Protection of information in all forms, learning security awareness and inquiring on matters that are not clear or certain. Measures used in protecting the operating system are aimed at protecting information from theft, natural disaster or corruption. It also ensures that information is only accessed by the authorized users. It also protects the operating system from collapse that may be caused by unauthorized persons. There are several measures that are used in protection of operating system as discussed above. However, the paper will focus on three measures only. They are use of a strong password, updating the operating system and the virus protection and data back up and ensuring they can be easily restored (Tatnall, Osorio, and Visscher, 2005, p 67). Use of strong password Operating systems are in most cases protected through passwords by most users. This is because this is one of the cheapest and easiest ways of protecting the operating system. Password may be in form of letters or numbers that are specifically known and recognized by the individual user. Furthermore, a password has to be unique to the user and unknown to unauthorized users. This ensures that unauthorized persons do not access data that they are not allowed to access by the respective persons. Password is widely used to protect the operating system by most users. However, it has both disadvantages and advantages (Meghanathan, 2011, p 79). Advantages of use of strong password (1) Guessing possibilit y; generally guessing a password is one of the most difficult things. This is because passwords are not usually displayed when entered. Passwords may be made long or short depending on the ability of the user to remember the password. This makes password difficult to guess and access the information without knowledge of the authorized user (Kim, and Adeli, 2010, pp 56-96). (2) Simple; passwords are simple and easy to generate. This is because anything may be used as password provided it falls within the accepted number of letters accepted by the system or that can be easily remembered by the user. Password may be words or letters or both. Furthermore, password may be in either upper case or lower case depending on the preference of the user (Kim, and Ad

Comparison of Poems by William Blake and Christina Rossetti

Comparison of Poems by William Blake and Christina Rossetti Compare and contrast William blakesâ€Å"the marriage between heaven and hell†, â€Å"The Garden of Love†, and Christina Rosettisâ€Å"promises like crust†. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell is among the prophetic books of William Blake. These have been written by imitating biblical books of prophecy however they express the personal romantic and revolutionary beliefs of the poet. This book describes the visit of the poet to hell, a device that had been adopted from Paradise Lost of Milton and Dantes Divine Comedy by Blake. However as compared to Milton or Dante, the conception of Hell of Blake does not start as a place of punishment. Instead it is a source of unrepressed energy, as compared to the regulated and authoritarian perception of heaven. The purpose of Blake is to create, what he mentions as a memorable fancy so that the repressive nature of conventional morality as well as the institutional religion can be revealed. In this regard, Blake writes that, the ancient Poets animated all sensible objects with Gods or Geniuses, calling them by the names and adorning them with the properties of woods, rivers, mountains, lakes, cities, na tions and whatever their enlarged and numerous senses could perceive. And particularly they studied the genius of the city and country, placing it under its mental deity† (Kaplan,2000). In this way, the theory of contraries propounded by Blake was not his belief in opposites but instead it was the belief according to which the contrary nature of God is reflected by each person. It was also believed that moderation in life cannot be achieved without contraries. In the same way, Blake also explored the contrary nature of energy and reason. In this regard, he believed that there are two types of persons, the rational organizers and the energetic creators of what he calls as the angels and devils in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. In this way, Blake believes that both these types of people are necessary for life. This text of Blake has been interpreted in several different ways. â€Å"The Garden of Love† is a romantic poem written by William Blake. The poem has been written with a view to express the belief of Blake regarding the neutrality of sexuality and also the way in which they organized religion, especially Orthodox Christian Church during the times of Blake, have resulted in repressing the natural desires of human beings with their rules and preaching. At this point, it needs to be noted that for those times, it was really a great statement to be made (Griffin, 1994). The reason was that by advocating the natural desires of human beings, Blake had made a direct attack on the orthodox Anglican Church. He had even mentioned priests and Chapel. The indignation of Blake can also be seen in the second line when he talks about seeing â€Å"what I had never seen†. Therefore it is interesting to note that Blake claims to have never seen it when he had literally spent all his life knowing the attitude of the church towards sexuality. Perhaps it means that Blake was speaking from the point of view of innocence that has only entered the world of experience and as a result, suffers a shock to see that the freedoms enjoyed by it in the past have been curtailed by the Church (Cronin, 2000). In the same way, a clear dislike can also be seen in the point regarding the changes that have taken place in the Garden of Love. At this point, Blake is referring to the church and also expressing its dislike. In these lines, there is a clear critique of the church and also the practices of the Church related with religious beliefs. Moreover, the poet has also made an accusation that the Church is not allowing them to be happy and instead it is putting pressure on the lyrical. Seen in the context of realities present in the 18th century England, in view of the practices and doctrines that have been adopted by the Church of England, these lines also express the feelings of the persons who did not follow the Church of England at the time and also did not agree with the interpretation of the Bible by the Church. In this way, although the poem is provocative but at the same time, it also reflects comedies some of the realities present in the 18th century (Bentley, Jr., 2004). In this way, it has been expressed in the point that while walking in the ‘Garden of Love’ a lot of changes have been made in the garden. While earlier, there were flowers in the garden but all that has changed and instead there is a Chapel in the garden. Moreover, it is also seen that now the Garden of Love has tombstones, graves and priests. As a result, these changes have resulted in fading the beauty of the ‘Garden of Love’. As a result, the feelings of anger and dismay have been expressed in the point regarding the changes that have been made in the Garden of Love. The author is dismayed because as a result of these changes, the desires and wishes will not be fulfilled. As a result, the priests and the Chapel are considered as being responsible for the unfulfilled desires (Griffin, 1994). On the other hand, in case of â€Å"Promises like Piecrust† the focus is mainly on the fact that in reality, it is easy to break promises, perhaps they are so flaky that they have been compared to a pie crust. However, an attempt has not been made by Rossetti to emphasize that it is a negative thing but on the other hand, according to her, she accepts it as a fact of life which cannot be escaped however, it does change the quality of relationships that a person has with others. In this poem, the focus is on to friends or lovers who do not make any promises to each other so that they may be â€Å"free to come as free to go†. It would have been very illegal for a woman to suggest this notion during the Victorian era. However it appears that Rossetti believes that one of the main reasons behind the tension in most of the relationships is that there are too many unrealistic ideas and constraints present in a relationship. These relationships have been called by Rossetti as Promises like Piecrust and these are the relationships in which no promises regarding future commitments are made and in the same way, the past lovers are not discussed (Kaplan, 2000). As a result, in this type of relationships, the possibility that any partner may be hurt as a result of broken comments is completely eliminated in such a case. Similarly, the partners are not worried that a promise may be broken by the other partner. In this way, the poem suggests that promises are like unrealistic constraints. Essentially, restrictive barriers are imposed by these promises regarding dedication and commitment due to the reason that such promises can be broken easily and at the same time, not only these promises resulting obligation and pressure of the partners, they also have to make significant efforts for keeping such promises (Packer, 1963). This view regarding love has been explored by Christina Rossetti in this poem which is related with the negative perspective that the poet has towards the promises made by lovers. She believes that promises can be broken easily, and at the same time they do not provide liberty to the partners in a relationship and similarly, promises also blind towards the future (Hassett,2005). In this regard, the speaker had denied promises as a result of the distrust she has in promises. Rossetti had also shown are general belief in the beginning of the poem according to which, the meta phor of a pie crust has been used to describe the promises made by lovers. As is the case with pie crusts, which can be broken easily, the poet illustrate the promises made by lovers in a relationship can also be broken easily (Fairchild, 1939). As a result, the poet states that promises are like pie crust and it had been used by hard to describe her belief that promises can be broken easily. Generally, in almost all cases, pie crust is the part of the pie that can be broken off easily and it is made in such a way so that it may be broken for protecting the more important ingredients of the pie (Harrison, 2004). In this way, Rossetti had used the metaphor of pie crust for referring to the promises made by lovers in a relationship because according to him, promises cannot stand forever. She believes that at one point or the other, a promise made by lovers will lose its validity. In this way, in the opinion of the poet, a never-ending validity of a promise cannot be guaranteed by the type of promise as is the case with a pie crust that breaks regardless of th e kind of pie. Therefore, the short durability of the promises made by lovers has been illustrated by Rossette with the use of pie crust as both tend to break easily and also to show the fact that the promises made by lovers cannot be considered as trustworthy. Therefore in the end, a comparison of The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The Garden of Love and the poem Promises like Pie Crust reveals that different issues related with love have been raised by the authors in these works. While Blake has discussed that moderation in life cannot be achieved without contraries. Therefore the devils and angels mentioned by him are in fact two types of people, one are the energetic creators and the others are the rationale organizers. On the other hand, in The Garden of Love, William Blake has discussed the restrictions that have been imposed by the Orthodox Church on Love. He believes that too many restrictions have been imposed by the Church and at the same time, the conditions in the Garden of Love have been changed by it. In her poem, Promises like Pie Crust, Rossette had discussed the fragile nature of promises that are made by the lovers in a relationship. As promises can be broken easily and they do not have a long validity, Rossetti believes tha t persons who are in a relationship should not be bound by promises. However a perusal of all these the works reveal that when it comes to love, all these three works have presented very radical ideas for their time. References Antony H. Harrison (2004) The Letters of Christina Rossetti Volume 4, 1887–1894 University of Virginia Press Bentley, Jr, G. E.2004, Blake Records. Second edition. New Haven and London: YaleUniversity Press Cronin, Richard. 2000, The Politics of Romantic Poetry: In Search of the Pure Commonwealth.London: Macmillan, Fairchild, Hoxie Neale (1939) Religious trends in English poetry, Volume 4 Columbia university press Griffin, Dustin H.1994, Satire: A Critical Introduction. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press Hassett, Constance W. (2005) Christina Rossetti: the patience of style University of Virginia Press p15 Kaplan, Carter. 2000, Critical Synoptics: Menippean Satire and the Analysis of IntellectualMythology. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson Press Packer, LonaMosk (1963) Christina Rossetti University of California Press pp13-17